Rostin, I'm still not convinced these modules will all stand alone. But here are my guesses:
Death Rays: Yeah, this one's pretty clear, I think. (The death ray is for mining minerals, right?)
Zero Point: This may be a long shot, but I really hope this enhances ship aim, somehow.
AI Core: My best guess with this one is that it enhances some of the alien modules, somehow?
Dark Matter: Could be a fuel cell substitute? Like a renewable energy source? Or a stealth module, for hiding your ships from other captains? That would be pretty sweet
I also feel like, for balance, one of these ought to be a defensive module. Maybe zero point or dark matter somehow absorb damage in a way different from shields and armor?